Mac OS X Update: Quartz & Aqua by When we last left Mac OS X, it had reached the second developer preview release. The core technologies and APIs were all present, but the GUI remained troublingly unfinished. At the recent MacWorld Expo in San Francisco (MWSF), Steve Jobs revealed in his keynote address that the Mac OS X DP2 GUI is not so much 'unfinished' as it is wholly unrelated to the GUI that will ship with the OS--a place-holder, if you will. The actual Mac OS X GUI was briefly demonstrated during the keynote, and it is a radical departure from traditional Mac OS. This article will review Jobs' Mac OS X GUI demonstration and explain the underlying technology that makes it possible, emphasizing what is so new and different about it, and what it means for Mac users and PC users alike. Before we start, let's briefly review Apple's latest marketing angle on the Mac OS X core. Core OS: The Latest Picture Before demonstrating the GUI, Jobs reviewed the Mac OS X architecture. The culmination of this review was yet another high-level block diagram of the OS:
Nothing has really changed since Mac OS X was first announced over a year ago, but the naming, emphasis, and ordering of the blocks has been altered to suit Apple's marketing goals. For example, the bottom-level block is now labeled 'Darwin.' Darwin is Apple's name for the open source distribution of the Mac OS X kernel. In previous diagrams, the bottom-level block was simply labeled 'Mach.' It's still Mach, of course, but the Darwin project also encompasses the BSD API layer--something that was previously shown as a separate block above Mach and alongside the other APIs like Carbon and Cocoa. These cosmetic changes saya few things. First, they emphasizes the fact that Darwin is to besynchronized with Mac OS X. The current Darwin release available at Apple'sweb site is somewhat behind Mac OS X's internal development, but Darwin willbe updated when Mac OS X ships to be exactly identical to the kernel in thecommercial release. This was announced long ago at an Apple World WideDeveloper Conference (WWDC), but it was not emphasized to the generalpublic. Consequently, many developers have looked at the Darwin project as asort of academic exercise, or as open source political posturing by Apple.Now it's clear that it's in developers' best interests to pay attention toDarwin. Even if they don't make direct contributions to the source code,just having the code on hand as a reference is a great aid to development(especially when contrasted with the classic Mac OS development experience,where many OS features were obscure 'black boxes' with spottydocumentation). Second, since the BSD APIs are part of Darwin (and therefore lose their own block in the diagram), this new view of Mac OS X de-emphasizes the BSD APIs. They're still there, and developers can still write to them, but the other APIs are more applicable to traditional Mac OS development. Similarly, Java lost its API block and was merely mentioned as an alternate language for Cocoa development. Again, this is more of a marketing change than a technological one. The (green) graphics layer of the diagram has also been changed. Open GL, QuickTime, and Quartz are listed alongside each other despite their significant differences. OpenGL is the 3D API everyone knows and loves. QuickTime is Apple's media architecture which encompasses everything from audio and video playback to a 3D API of its own (QuickDraw 3D) which exists at a level of abstraction far above OpenGL. Indeed, QD3D could conceivably be implemented on top of OpenGL. (Apple's RAVE API is used instead, but it's a moot point since QD3D is now defunct.) And Quartz, which will be detailed in the next section, is the lowest-level of Mac OS X's display system. Why are they side-by-side in the block diagram? Perhaps it makes for a less confusing overview for non-technical people. As mentioned earlier, the (purple) API layer now contains only the three C's: Classic, Carbon, and Cocoa. They're listed in the order that Apple expects developers to use them: Classic for existing Mac OS apps, Carbon for revised Classic apps that take advantage of Mac OS X's modern features, and Cocoa for developers interested in the latest revision of the object-oriented NeXT/OpenStep APIs. But it's the top layer that is entirely new. Previously, this block was evasively labeled 'Advanced Mac OS Look and Feel.' Exactly what that meant, no one knew. Knowledge of that block's existence led to significant hedging about the GUI present in Mac OS X DP2, but I don't think anyone expected something as radical as Aqua. Before we get to that, let's review what is really the most significant part of the Mac OS X GUI--that box that's been in the diagram for over a year and that not many people took notice of until Aqua showed what it could do: Quartz.
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Chances are, your Mac can run macOS Big Sur
The following models are supported:
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- MacBook (2015 or later)
- MacBook Air (2013 or later)
- MacBook Pro (Late 2013 or later)
- Mac mini (2014 or later)
- iMac (2014 or later)
- iMac Pro (2017 or later)
- Mac Pro (2013 or later)
To see which model you have, click the Apple icon in your menu bar and choose About This Mac.
Make sure you're ready to upgrade.
Before you upgrade, we recommend that you back up your Mac. If your Mac is running OS X Mavericks 10.9 or later, you can upgrade directly to macOS Big Sur. You'll need the following:
- OS X 10.9 or later
- 4GB of memory
- 35.5GB available storage on macOS Sierra or later*
- Some features require an Apple ID; terms apply.
- Some features require a compatible internet service provider; fees may apply.
Upgrading is free and easy
Upgrading from macOS Catalina 10.15 or Mojave 10.14?
Go to Software Update in System Preferences to find macOS Big Sur. Click Upgrade Now and follow the onscreen instructions.
Upgrading from an older version of macOS?
If you're running any release from macOS 10.13 to 10.9, you can upgrade to macOS Big Sur from the App Store. If you're running Mountain Lion 10.8, you will need to upgrade to El Capitan 10.11 first.
If you don't have broadband access, you can upgrade your Mac at any Apple Store.
- OS X 10.9 or later
- 4GB of memory
- 35.5GB available storage on macOS Sierra or later*
- Some features require an Apple ID; terms apply.
- Some features require a compatible internet service provider; fees may apply.
For details about your Mac model, click the Apple icon at the top left of your screen and choose About This Mac. These Mac models are compatible with macOS Big Sur:
- MacBook (2015 or later)
- MacBook Air (2013 or later)
- MacBook Pro (Late 2013 or later)
- Mac mini (2014 or later)
- iMac (2014 or later)
- iMac Pro (2017 or later)
- Mac Pro (2013 or later)
Siri
Requires a broadband internet connection and microphone (built-in or external).
Hey Siri
Supported by the following Mac models:
- MacBook Pro (2018 or later)
- MacBook Air (2018 or later)
- iMac Pro (2017 or later)
Dictation, Voice Control, and Voice Memos
Requires a microphone (built-in or external).
Spotlight Suggestions
Requires a broadband internet connection.
Gestures
Requires a Multi-Touch trackpad, Force Touch trackpad, Magic Trackpad, or Magic Mouse.
Force Touch gestures require a Force Touch trackpad.
VoiceOver gestures require a Multi-Touch trackpad, Force Touch trackpad, or Magic Trackpad.
Photo Booth
Requires a FaceTime or iSight camera (built-in or external) or USB video class (UVC) camera.
FaceTime
Audio calls require a microphone (built-in or external) and broadband internet connection. Everburning star 1/2 demo mac os.
Video calls require a built-in FaceTime camera, an iSight camera (built-in or external), or a USB video class (UVC) camera; and broadband internet connection.
Apple TV
High dynamic range (HDR) video playback is supported by the following Mac models:
- MacBook Pro (2018 or later)
- iMac Pro (2017 or later)
- Mac Pro (2019) with Pro Display XDR
Dolby Atmos soundtrack playback is supported by the following Mac models:
- MacBook Air (2018 or later)
- MacBook Pro (2018 or later)
Sidecar
Supported by the following Mac models:
- MacBook (2016 or later)
- MacBook Air (2018 or later)
- MacBook Pro (2016 or later)
- Mac mini (2018 or later)
- iMac (late 2015 or later)
- iMac Pro (2017 or later)
- Mac Pro (2019)
Supported by all iPad models with Apple Pencil support:
- 12.9-inch iPad Pro
- 11-inch iPad Pro
- 10.5-inch iPad Pro
- 9.7-inch iPad Pro
- iPad (6th generation or later)
- iPad mini (5th generation)
- iPad Air (3rd and 4th generation)
Continuity Camera
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Requires an iPhone or iPad that supports iOS 12 or later.
Continuity Sketch and Continuity Markup
Requires an iPhone with iOS 13 or later or an iPad with iPadOS 13 or later.
Handoff
Requires an iPhone or iPad with a Lightning connector or with USB-C and iOS 8 or later.
Instant Hotspot
Requires an iPhone or iPad with cellular connectivity, a Lightning connector or USB-C, and iOS 8.1 or later. Requires Personal Hotspot service through your carrier.
Universal Clipboard
Requires an iPhone or iPad with a Lightning connector or with USB-C and iOS 10 or later.
Auto Unlock
Requires an Apple Watch with watchOS 3 or later or an iPhone 5 or later.
Approve with Apple Watch
Requires an Apple Watch with watchOS 6 or later or an iPhone 6s or later with iOS 13 or later.
Apple Pay on the Web
Requires a MacBook Pro or MacBook Air with Touch ID, an iPhone 6 or later with iOS 10 or later, or an Apple Watch with watchOS 3 or later.
Phone Calling
Requires an iPhone with iOS 8 or later and an activated carrier plan.
SMS
Requires an iPhone with iOS 8.1 or later and an activated carrier plan.
Home
Requires an iPhone with iOS 12 or later and a configured Home app.
AirDrop
AirDrop to iOS and iPadOS devices requires an iPhone or iPad with a Lightning connector or with USB-C and iOS 7 or later.
AirPlay
AirPlay Mirroring requires an Apple TV (2nd generation or later).
AirPlay for web video requires an Apple TV (2nd generation or later).
Peer-to-peer AirPlay requires a Mac (2012 or later) and an Apple TV (3rd generation rev A, model A1469 or later) with Apple TV software 7.0 or later.
Time Machine
Requires an external storage device (sold separately).
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Maps electric vehicle routing
Requires an iPhone with iOS 14 and a compatible electric vehicle.
Maps license plate restrictions
Requires an iPhone running iOS 14 or an iPad running iPadOS 14.
Boot Camp
Allows Boot Camp installations of Windows 10 on supported Mac models.
Exchange Support
Requires Microsoft Office 365, Exchange 2016, Exchange 2013, or Exchange Server 2010. Installing the latest Service Packs is recommended.
Windows Migration
Supports OS X 10.7 or later and Windows 7 or later.
App Store
Available only to persons age 13 or older in the U.S. and many other countries and regions.
Photos
The improved Retouch tool is supported on the following Mac models:
- MacBook Pro (15-inch and 16-inch models) introduced in 2016 or later
- iMac (Retina 5K models) introduced in 2014 or later
- iMac (Retina 4K models) introduced in 2017 or later
- iMac Pro (2017 or later)
- Mac Pro introduced in 2013 or later
- Apple Books
- Apple News
- App Store
- Automator
- Calculator
- Calendar
- Chess
- Contacts
- Dictionary
- DVD Player
- FaceTime
- Find My
- Font Book
- Home
- Image Capture
- Launchpad
- Maps
- Messages
- Mission Control
- Music
- Notes
- Photo Booth
- Photos
- Podcasts
- Preview
- QuickTime Player
- Reminders
- Safari
- Siri
- Stickies
- Stocks
- System Preferences
- TextEdit
- Time Machine
- TV
- Voice Memos
- Activity Monitor
- AirPort Utility
- Audio MIDI Setup
- Bluetooth File Exchange
- Boot Camp Assistant
- ColorSync Utility
- Console
- Digital Color Meter
- Disk Utility
- Grapher
- Keychain Access
- Migration Assistant
- Screenshot
- Screen Time
- Script Editor
- Sidecar
- System Information
- Terminal
- VoiceOver Utility
- Arabic
- Catalan
- Croatian
- Simplified Chinese
- Traditional Chinese
- Traditional Chinese (Hong Kong)
- Czech
- Danish
- Dutch
- English (Australia)
- English (UK)
- English (U.S.)
- Finnish
- French
- French (Canada)
- German
- Greek
- Hebrew
- Hindi
- Hungarian
- Indonesian
- Italian
- Japanese
- Korean
- Malay
- Norwegian
- Polish
- Brazilian Portuguese
- Portuguese
- Romanian
- Russian
- Slovak
- Spanish
- Spanish (Latin America)
- Swedish
- Thai
- Turkish
- Ukrainian
- Vietnamese